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No direct legal authority allows cities to “close” businesses for tax or licensing noncompliance, but some cities pivot to criminal enforcement when civil measures like fines are not effective in convincing a business to either comply or cease doing business in violation. Some examples for consideration:

• Auburn Municipal Code Sec. 1.25.035 – Allows its code enforcement officers to post “stop work orders” at properties in violation of its business and licensing codes, and makes violations of such orders a criminal misdemeanor.
• Seattle Municipal Code Sec. 6.68.010 – Imposes criminal misdemeanor penalties for violations of its business license code.
• Airway Heights Code Sec. 5.04.130 and Tacoma Municipal Code Sec. 6A.10.220 – Make it a misdemeanor to fail to pay the B&O tax in those cities.

If a city decides to explore criminal enforcement, it may be prudent to first review its underlying business license code to ensure compliance with the model ordinance requirements in chapter 35.90 RCW. Additional information about the model ordinance and general city business licensing can be found on this MRSC page: City Business Licenses and Fees. Also, if a city contracts with other agencies for police, court, and/or prosecution services, it might also be beneficial for the city to consult those agencies for input before pursuing criminal enforcement measures.

No, MRSC does not maintain a list of all current special purpose districts. Instead, on our What Is a Special Purpose District? page we have the following information:

How Many Special Purpose Districts Are There in Washington?

It can be difficult to determine the precise number of special purpose districts in the state at any given time. Unlike cities, towns, and counties which are fairly static in name and number, special purpose districts change with some frequency. New districts are formed and existing districts merge, change names, operate with DBA's ("doing business as" names), are assumed by cities/counties, become inactive, or are formally dissolved.

In addition, some sources may use different criteria, such as only counting districts that have independent governing bodies.

State Auditor's Office Data

Perhaps the best source of statewide data is the State Auditor's Office (SAO). State law requires SAO to be notified of the formation and dissolution of special purpose districts, and all local governments are required by state law to submit an annual financial report to SAO.

SAO makes recent annual financial report data available through its Financial Intelligence Tool (FIT), where users can browse by government type.

No. There is no state law requirement for a public hearing when reducing (or increasing) a city’s water utility rates for customers. There might be a local requirement for a public hearing but there is not a state law requirement. A city may also choose to hold a public hearing for such utility rate changes, even if the proposal is for a decrease and not an increase (e.g., for transparency and public input).

For solid waste utility service rate increases only, there is a 45-day notice requirement in RCW 35A.21.152(1) for city contracted or directly provided solid waste service:

(1) A city that contracts for the collection of solid waste, or provides for the collection of solid waste directly, shall notify the public of each proposed rate increase for a solid waste handling service. The notice may be mailed to each affected ratepayer or published once a week for two consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the collection area. The notice shall be available to affected ratepayers at least forty-five days prior to the proposed effective date of the rate increase. [Emphasis added]

Even for solid waste disposal services, there is not a public hearing requirement or any required notice of a rate decrease, just proposed rate increases.

Regarding water utility service rates, RCW 80.28.010 and the West Terrace Golf (2024) case require city water rates to be reasonable, considering the value of water service to the public and fair compensation to the city for providing the service. Although these authorities impose no specific public outreach requirements in setting water service rates, holding a public hearing before adjusting water service rates could help to establish the “reasonableness” requirement in these authorities, so holding one may be worth considering in that context.

If this involves a pending records request, we must defer to the legal advice of your town attorney. MRSC can provide general education on the topic.

If you are unsure about what specific records a requestor is seeking, we encourage agencies to make a request for clarification as allowed by RCW 42.56.520(1)(d). You can explain that you are unsure about exactly what they mean by the “town council meeting records,” but then explain what you think it means and the types of records you would provide under your own interpretation – but invite them to clarify.

We recommend that an agency put a deadline on a request for clarification, such as “If you have not responded to our request for clarification by [date], we will assume you do not want to provide clarification and as such, we will process your request as submitted.” If portions of the request are clear, an agency should respond to those portions while waiting for clarification on the unclear sections.

In this case, if you never get a clarification, you might consider producing all the types of records included in the list of the CORE records retention schedule for governing body meetings (see DAN GS50-05A-13 on page 43):

Governing/Executive/Policy-Setting Body Records

Records documenting the actions, meetings and membership of the agency’s governing body, executive management team and other policy-setting/decision-making boards, committees, commissions, councils, task forces, etc.

Also includes interagency/national/external policy-setting/decision-making bodies for which the agency acts as secretary/keeper of the official records.

Includes, but is not limited to:

• Agendas, meeting/agenda packets (briefs, reference materials, documents for approval, etc.);
• Speaker sign-up, written testimony;
• Audio/visual recordings and transcripts of proceedings;
• Minutes;
• Appointment, reappointment, and termination correspondence/communications;
• Selected images/photographs showing the committee membership at particular points in time (such as board/committee portraits, etc.) and/or significant stages of the board/committee’s life.

In general, no; however, if a position is advertised, there are state laws that govern what must be included in that advertisement. As discussed on our Hiring Procedures page (see the “Advertising and Recruitment” section):

An employer may want to first open a position to its current employees; in such an instance, it may choose to internally post the job on appropriate internal communication channels. Some collective bargaining agreements or policies require that new or vacant positions be first made available to union membership before they are advertised publicly.

Although it may be a good idea to advertise an open position publicly to help ensure the hiring of the most qualified individual, neither federal nor state law requires advertising. If the person authorized to fill a position wanted to, they could hire the first person coming through the door without any advertising. Local government regulations, however, as well as generally accepted hiring practices, may require that open positions are advertised, and if such requirements exist, they must be followed.

If a position is advertised, any employer with 15 or more employees must disclose the position's wage scale, salary range, or fixed wage amount, and a general description of all of the benefits and other compensation to be offered to the hired applicant (RCW 49.58.110). For details and examples, see the Department of Labor & Industries Administrative Policy ES.E.1 Equal Pay and Opportunities Act.

In general, job openings may not be advertised in a way that excludes people with criminal records from applying. However, the law recognizes several exceptions to this general prohibition in RCW 49.94.010, including:

• Those who will have unsupervised access to children under 18, vulnerable adults, or vulnerable persons; and
• Positions in law enforcement or criminal justice agencies.

In addition to advertising an open position, a local government may choose to actively solicit or recruit candidates. Recruitment may encourage applications from more qualified and experienced candidates who might not otherwise be aware of the position. […]

We also recommend that you discuss this matter with your agency attorney who will be in the best position to advise you further. Our guidance is general and not a substitute for the advice of legal counsel.

The public hearing requirements for a six-year update to the Transportation Improvement Plan (TIP) are set forth at RCW 35.77.010. There is not a minimum number of days for public hearing notice in this statute. If your local code sets forth a time frame for notice, that time frame should be followed. If local code is silent, then a reasonableness standard applies. We’ve generally recommended seven to ten days’ notice.

Sometimes state law will define how much advance notice must be given for a required public hearing. For example, in code cities, amendments to a zoning ordinance require a public hearing with published notice at least 10 days prior to the hearing. See RCW 35A.63.070 and RCW 35A.63.100. Other types of ordinances do not have a set number of days’ notice. A list of ordinances that require public hearings is available in Appendix C of MRSC’s publication Local Ordinances for Washington Cities and Counties.

MRSC’s Transportation Planning page includes examples of local transportation plans, including transportation elements of comprehensive plans, transportation improvement plans, and transportation studies.

And MRSC’s Public Hearings page includes an overview of the legal requirements for conducting public hearings in Washington State and the basic procedures that should be followed for a proper public hearing.

We recommend that local governments adopt general notice requirements for public hearings where there is no time frame set forth in statute.

Pursuant to RCW 35.67.025, all public property shall be subject to the same rates and charges as private property. The statute specifically states:

Except as otherwise provided in RCW 90.03.525, any public entity and public property, including the state of Washington and state property, shall be subject to rates and charges for stormwater control facilities to the same extent private persons and private property are subject to such rates and charges that are imposed by cities and towns pursuant to RCW 35.67.020. In setting these rates and charges, consideration may be made of in-kind services, such as stream improvements or donation of property.” [emphasis added]

RCW 90.03.525 is an exception for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) with respect to state highway right-of-way or any section of state highway right-of-way for the construction, operation, and maintenance of stormwater control facilities. These properties shall be 30% of the rate for comparable property. This exception does not appear to apply to other property owned by WSDOT, only highway rights-of-way.

Additionally, RCW 43.09.210(3), known as the “Accountancy Act,” requires agencies to provide true and full value for services rendered from another agency or department. It specifically states:

All service rendered by, or property transferred from, one department, public improvement, undertaking, institution, or public service industry to another, shall be paid for at its true and full value by the department, public improvement, undertaking, institution, or public service industry receiving the same, and no department, public improvement, undertaking, institution, or public service industry shall benefit in any financial manner whatever by an appropriation or fund made for the support of another.

Local governments are not allowed to benefit financially from other local governments or even other departments within one agency.

We recommend that you discuss this matter with your city attorney who will be in the best position to advise you further. Our guidance is general and not a substitute for the advice of the city’s legal counsel.

Even though it’s only advisory to the city council the task force’s taking public comment can subject it to the Open Public Meetings Act (OPMA), but only if it is a committee of a governing body (like the city council). See RCW 42.30.020(2).

If the mayor formed the task force with no city council input or direction, and it answers only to the mayor, it is less likely a city council committee subject to the OPMA. On the other hand, the OPMA will more likely apply if the mayor formed this task force at the city council’s request or direction and/or if the council is empowered to oversee or direct the task force’s work. Having committees comply with the OPMA is the safest course in uncertain cases.

The city attorney should ultimately review this task force’s formation and work to determine whether it qualifies as a city council committee subject to the OPMA.

Public records authorities generally require agencies to allow and facilitate public inspections of their records. RCW 42.56.090 mandates that “public records shall be available for inspection and copying during the customary office hours of the agency.” WAC 44-14-040(8)(a) similarly provides: “consistent with other demands, the (name of agency) shall promptly provide space to inspect public records.” Further, WAC 44-14-04004(2) allows requestors to specify their preferred method of records access, which can include inspection. Individual requestors might seek or agree to receive records through methods other than inspection, but if they don’t the agency should have physical inspection space available.

But the authorities do not specify where that physical records inspection space must be. WAC 44-14-04005(2) says “often an agency will provide the records in a conference room or other office area,” but it doesn’t further specify a location. RCW 42.56.520(1)(b) requires agency computer access for digital records in some instances, but again it does not specify the computer’s location. A records inspection location ultimately cannot excessively interfere with essential agency functions. See WAC 44-14-04005(2).

A public space in an agency’s building will probably qualify as an allowable “other office area” for records inspections. But it should be reasonably free from distractions and interruptions to facilitate the requestor’s inspection and to reduce claims that the agency effectively denied records access by choosing an impractical or unsuitable location.

Note also that RCW 42.56.100 requires agencies to adopt rules and regulations related to processing public records requests. Since this records inspection request is a new one for the agency, this might be a good opportunity to review and enact applicable rules to address similar requests in the future.

The agency’s counsel can give a definitive opinion and advice on the legal feasibility of any specific chosen records inspection location, but we hope this general guidance helps.

Two authorities support concluding that the municipal court judge makes the hiring decision regarding the municipal court clerk:

• First, RCW 3.50.080 provides that “all employees of the municipal court shall, for all purposes, be deemed employees of the city or town. They shall be appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the court.”
• Second, Washington State Court General Rule GR 29(f) lists the duties of a municipal court presiding judge. They include hiring and supervising “all personnel employed under the judicial branch of government.” See GR 29 (f)(5)(b).

No. The provision at RCW 42.30.070 in the Open Public Meetings Act (OPMA) related to establishing a regular meeting schedule merely requires appropriate legislation (an ordinance, since this is a city) establishing the schedule. The adoption of an ordinance does not require a public hearing unless a specific statute directs it (e.g., for budget adoption or to adopt development regulations). The city could choose to hold a public hearing for transparency purposes, but it isn’t required. The ordinance amending the schedule would also be on the meeting agenda and the public will have an opportunity to provide public comment before final action (see RCW 42.30.240).

RCW 39.04.320(1)(a)(ii) says that the reduced $1.5 million threshold applies to all public works contracts “advertised for bid on or after July 1, 2026…”

It is our opinion that the initial advertisement date would be the controlling date, as that is the date your agency officially announces to bidders that the project exists.

If your public works contract is initially advertised on June 30 or earlier, and the estimated project cost is more than $1.5 million but less than $2 million, we do not believe your project is subject to apprenticeship utilization requirements under state law—even if subsequent advertisements occur after July 1.

If you are seeking a legal opinion, we suggest reaching out to your agency attorney. MRSC provides legal guidance and it is not a substitute for the advice of an agency’s legal counsel.

Depending on the specific language of the agency’s policy, the expenditure may be considered “airfare cancellation protection” or something similar. This may not be considered “personal trip insurance” if it directly benefits the employer if a trip is canceled. Accordingly, there may not be a direct benefit to the employee. This may also depend on who paid the costs upfront.

Your policy should clearly establish the general rules for travel and business expense reimbursement, as well as any exceptions to the normal rules. Reimbursable expenses should serve a fundamental public purpose and be reasonable. Some policies establish a list of non-allowable expenses. If the policy doesn’t address this kind of charge, we suggest updating it to prevent future confusion.

You could also reach out to the State Auditor’s Office, who may be able to provide another perspective from an audit standpoint.

For more information, please see our page on Travel and Expense Reimbursement Policies.

State law prohibits discharging a firearm in any public place or place where someone may be endangered by the discharge. See RCW 9.41.230. Violations of this provision are gross misdemeanors.

Local governments also have limited authority to enact laws involving discharge of firearms within their jurisdiction where there is a reasonable likelihood that humans, domestic animals, or property will be jeopardized. See RCW 9.41.300(3)(a).

We also recommend that you discuss this matter with your town attorney or local law enforcement if this is an ongoing concern. Our guidance is general and not a substitute for the advice of the town’s legal counsel.

The fact that a public records requestor may have used ChatGPT or another artificial intelligence (AI) tool to write or assist in writing a records request does not mean that a public agency can deny the request. If it is a request for identifiable records, it is a legitimate request and must be treated as any other request.

The provision at RCW 42.56.080(3) related to “bot requests” was passed by the legislature to address a specific practice of an agency receiving multiple computer-generated requests in a 24-hour period. It reads:

An agency may deny a bot request that is one of multiple requests from the requestor to the agency within a twenty-four hour period, if the agency establishes that responding to the multiple requests would cause excessive interference with other essential functions of the agency. For purposes of this subsection, "bot request" means a request for public records that an agency reasonably believes was automatically generated by a computer program or script.

This provision has limited applicability and would not cover this scenario where a person has utilized AI to draft or assist in drafting a request.

If the request is difficult to understand, you can seek clarification from the requestor. That is one option for an agency’s “five-day response”. See RCW 42.56.520(d). You could also reach out to the requestor to see if they may want to narrow the request—although this is not a sufficient “five-day response” per RCW 42.56.520, and a requestor is not obligated to do so. Even if you seek clarification on parts of the request, you should begin fulfilling the parts that are clear.

MRSC’s Flexibility in Environmental Regulation page provides some examples of TDR county programs, including the following:

• Kitsap County Code Ch. 17.580
• King County Transfer of Development Rights

The Department of Commerce also has a Transfer of Development Rights webpage which includes examples of several programs, including some from Western Washington cities and the following counties:

• Snohomish County Transfer of Development Rights
• Whatcom County Code Ch. 20.89

And here are two additional county programs not referenced on those pages:

• Pierce County Transfer of Development Rights
• Thurston County Transfer or Purchase of Development Rights

Shared documents pose a problem for legislative bodies because of OPMA concerns. It is perfectly OK for a quorum of the body to view the same document outside of a public meeting (this is a passive receipt of information). However, because an action under the OPMA includes “discussion,” once a quorum starts commenting/viewing the other members’ changes to a shared document, there is a problem.

To be a “meeting” under the OPMA, (1) a majority of the legislative body “meets,” (2) with the collective intent to transact official business, (3) and during the “meeting,” the members took “action” as defined by the OPMA— which includes discussions or deliberations. MRSC has a blog post, What Constitutes a Serial Meeting under the OPMA?, that provides more information on the “collective intent” to transact official business.

MRSC’s assessment is that if all members of the governing body are aware that the other members have access to the same document, and the members shared comments on the document, there would be OPMA concerns.

Here are some alternative ideas:

• Allow less than a quorum to access and comment on the shared document (and do not let the remainder of the members see those changes until the meeting).
• Rather than allowing a quorum to comment and view others’ comments on a shared document, allow each member to share their comments with staff, which staff can then consolidate and share at the open public meeting (but not before).

Potentially yes, however, the commissioner should consult with the district’s legal counsel for an opinion based on state law and any adopted district policies/procedures.

In general, the Code of Ethics for Municipal Officers (chapter 42.23 RCW) prohibits municipal officers from using their positions to secure special privileges or special exemptions for themselves or others, and from entering into certain contracts or having other personal financial interests with their jurisdictions. A park district commissioner is included in the definition of municipal officer. Employment with one’s own agency is considered a contract relationship.

RCW 42.23.030 specifically prohibits a municipal officer, or their office, from directly or indirectly receiving a financial benefit from a contract if the contract is made by, through, or under the supervision of the municipal officer. Any contract entered into by a municipality in violation of this prohibition is void.

The provision limiting interests in contracts does have some limited exceptions that may apply to officers working as employees, including RCW 42.23.030(5) & (6)(a):

(5) The employment of any person by a municipality for unskilled day labor at wages not exceeding $1,000 in any calendar month. The exception provided in this subsection does not apply to a county with a population of 125,000 or more, a city with a population of more than 1,500, an irrigation district encompassing more than 50,000 acres, or a first-class school district;

(6)(a) The letting of any other contract in which the total amount received under the contract or contracts by the municipal officer or the municipal officer's business does not exceed $3,000 in any calendar month.

MRSC’s page on Ethics and Conflicts of Interest provides an overview of the ethics and conflict of interest laws that apply to municipal officers, including prohibited uses of public office, special privileges and exemptions, contract interests, remote interests, and exceptions.

As indicated, the park district commissioner should consult with their agency’s legal counsel before also accepting employment with their own district.

Under Washington law, there are no specific requirements or standards for public access like day use parks. State law allows each cemetery district to establish its own regulations. Accordingly, public access rules are a matter of local discretion.

Here’s a summary of the applicable law:

Chapter 68.52 RCW is the statute governing public cemeteries and morgues generally. See RCW 68.52.030:

Counties and cities may provide for burial, acquire cemeteries, etc.

Each and every county, town or city, shall have power to provide a hearse and pall for burial of the dead, and to procure and hold lands for burying grounds, and to make regulations and fence the same, and to preserve the monuments erected therein, and to levy and collect the necessary taxes for that purpose, in the same manner as other taxes are levied and collected. [Emphasis added.]

Chapter 68.20 RCW grants cemetery authorities extensive regulatory powers. See the following statutes:

• RCW 68.20.060:

  Specific powers—Rule making and enforcement.
  
  A cemetery authority may make, adopt, amend, add to, revise, or modify, and enforce rules and regulations for the use, care, control, management, restriction and protection of all or any part of its cemetery and for the other purposes specified in RCW 68.20.061 through 68.20.067, 68.20.070 and *68.48.080. [Emphasis added.]
  
  *Reviser's note: RCW 68.48.080 was recodified as RCW 68.56.050 pursuant to 1987 c 331 s 89.

• RCW 68.20.061:

  Specific powers—Control of property.
  
  It may restrict and limit the use of all property within its cemetery, including interment rights.

• RCW 68.20.066:

  Specific powers—Prevention of improper assemblages.
  
  It may regulate the conduct of persons and prevent improper assemblages in the cemetery.

• RCW 68.20.067:

  Specific powers—Rules and regulations for general purposes.
  
  It may make and enforce rules and regulations for all other purposes deemed necessary by the cemetery authority for the proper conduct of the business of the cemetery, for the transfer of any plot or the right of interment, and the protection and safeguarding of the premises, and the principles, plans, and ideals on which the cemetery is conducted. [Emphasis added].

• RCW 68.20.070:

  Rules and regulations—Posting.
  
  The rules and regulations made pursuant to RCW 68.20.060 shall be plainly printed or typewritten and maintained subject to inspection in the office of the cemetery authority or in such place or places within the cemetery as the cemetery authority may prescribe.

With respect to abandoned cemeteries, there is a right to access for visitation. See RCW 68.60.080:

Abandoned cemetery—Lawful entry purposes.

It is lawful to enter an abandoned cemetery for purposes of:
(1) Burials pursuant to RCW 68.60.070 and associated rules;
(2) Care and maintenance activities authorized under RCW 68.60.030; and
(3) Visitation of graves.

Additionally, historic preservation grant recipients must provide reasonable public access per RCW 27.34.420(7)(c):

Public access to the exterior of properties that are not visible from a public right-of-way must be provided under reasonable terms and circumstances, including the requirement that visits by nonprofit organizations or school groups must be offered at least one day per year. Tribal access must be provided under reasonable terms and circumstances to historic cemeteries in which there are Indian burials.

For more information on cemeteries, see our topic page on Cemeteries and Cemetery Administration.

We also recommend that you discuss this matter with your agency attorney who will be in the best position to advise you further. Our guidance is general and not a substitute for the advice of legal counsel.